The 14th Amendment is somewhat like the first in that it covers not only a lot, but a lot of important issues. Its first assertion, and arguably the most important is the declaration that anyone born here is a citizen. Trump has made a splash with his claim to overturn that. I have reserved the entire next page for the subject.
The second assertion of the 14th amendment is: No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;
This is arguably as important as birthright, but is basically a mirror of the 6th Article of the original Constitution.
Continuing, we have Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
This is a direct copy from the 5th Amendment and would have been carried forward by Article 6.
Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
This is NEW. The concept is nowhere in the original Constitution. nor the Bill of Rights. As written it applies ONLY to the states, though the Supreme Court has supposedly held that it applies to the federal government as well. I would like to see that court case.
I have put in a page just for that as well.
For the next three items you need to remember this was passed right after the Civil War. The South had it pushed down their throats that the slaves got the vote, but that hadn't stopped them from instigating a poll tax. Amendment XXIV gets around to addressing that in 1962.
And as long as we are putting together a omnibus act, we might as well stick a disability on anyone who fought against us, and disavow any claims they might wish to make.
Please read the original text for yourself.